婴儿从出生那一刻起就开始迅速吸收知识，通过观察和与周围世界的互动来学习。了解言语和语言的发展对于认识孩子如何获得沟通能力至关重要，从咿呀学语到随着成长逐渐形成词汇和完整的句子。
言语和语言发展概述
婴儿最初的沟通方式，即 儿童语言的最早形式，是原始的啼哭，他们很快就会发现这种方式能满足自己的需求。但几个月内，婴儿就会开始关注父母的言语并发展他们的语言技能。
事实上，孩子在出生后的前三年学习效率最高，这是言语和语言发展的关键时期。在此期间，他们的大脑吸收着所见所闻，以惊人的速度发育。
作为父母，您可以通过营造丰富的语言环境并关注孩子的 语言发展来培养他们的技能。如果您发现孩子有发育迟缓或有任何疑虑，早期支持对于帮助孩子达到重要的言语和语言里程碑具有重大意义。
言语和语言发展的六个阶段
我们在下方列出了典型的里程碑，以帮助您监测孩子的进步，并提供了支持其成长的策略。在查看此语言发展图表时，请记住每个婴儿都是独一无二的，他们会按照自己的节奏掌握这些技能。
如果您对某种表现是否正常有疑问，请咨询儿科医生。
| Age |
Milestones |
Support Strategies |
| 0-3 Months |
- Baby coos.
- Baby reacts to loud sounds.
- Baby responds to parent’s voice.
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- Talk and sing to your baby frequently.
- Respond to your baby’s coos and babbles to encourage interaction.
|
| 4-6 Months |
- Baby looks in the direction of sounds.
- Baby enjoys toys that make noise and music.
- Baby starts babbling using consonant sounds, like “ba-ba-ba” or “da-da-da.”
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- Keep talking, playing, and singing!
- Introduce toys that make sounds to stimulate interest.
|
| 7-12 Months |
- Baby turns and looks in the direction of sounds.
- Baby responds to their name.
- Baby understands basic words like “more,” “bye-bye,” “bottle” and may respond to simple commands like “no.”
- Baby plays games like peek-a-boo.
- Baby uses gestures (like pointing, reaching for “up” and shaking head) to communicate.
- Baby babbles using long strings of consonants and vowels.
- Many babies say their first word around the one-year mark.
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- Read to your baby using books with large, colorful pictures.
- Label objects as you move about your day and encourage your baby to try out the sounds. (“This is a cup. Can you say cup?”)
|
| 1-2 Years |
- Baby (who’s not such a baby anymore!) continues to add words to their vocabulary, reaching approximately 50 words by 24 months.
- Child can string together two-word sentences, like “Want more” or “Hold me.”
- Child can point to some body parts, group familiar objects, and make animal sounds.
- Child can respond to simple questions (such as “What’s that?”) and follow one-step directions (such as “Pick up the ball.”)
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- Listen actively and continue to engage with your child on their own level. Nod, smile, and ask questions to encourage them to keep talking.
- Encourage naming objects and actions in daily routines.
- Challenge your child with toys, tasks, and games that require some thinking or planning.
|
| 2-3 Years |
- Child can form three to four-word sentences and has a vocabulary of at least a hundred words.
- Child can express themselves or label items as needed.
- Child can answer simple questions and respond to two-step commands (such as “Pick up the ball and bring it here.”)
- People who know your child can understand their pronunciation, even if it’s challenging at times.
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- Arrange playdates or group activities to provide opportunities for your child to practice their communication skills with other kids.
- Continue reading and storytelling, asking your child questions about the stories as you go along.
|
| 3-4 Years |
- Child’s sentences become more complex, and they can tell stories with greater fluency.
- Child can speak about ideas and feelings, in addition to making literal observations.
- Child can recall past experiences and describe imaginary events.
- Strangers can understand most of what your child says.
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- Encourage your child to talk about their day.
- Enter your child’s world by engaging in pretend play and imaginary stories.
- Continue expanding their vocabulary by reading, socializing, and singing together.
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何时寻求专业帮助
虽然每个孩子的发展节奏各不相同，但如果持续错过或显著滞后于言语和语言里程碑，可能预示着需要进行专业评估。如果您在任何年龄段发现孩子突然出现听力、言语、咿呀学语或社交互动方面的退步，请务必咨询儿科医生。
儿科医生可能会将您转介给言语治疗师或听力学家，他们可以评估孩子的言语和语言发展情况，并制定个性化方案来支持他们的进步。 早期干预 是关键。越早发现问题，就越有机会有效地支持孩子的沟通能力发展。
促进言语和语言发展的活动
在家支持孩子的成长是增强其沟通能力最有效的方式之一。这些促进言语和语言发展的活动易于融入日常生活，只要坚持练习，效果显著。
- 每天一起阅读： 选择适合孩子年龄的书籍，花点时间指认图片、说出物体名称并提出问题。阅读有助于培养词汇量、理解力和语音识别能力。
- 描述你的日常活动： 在做事情时，边做边说。例如说：“我正在倒果汁”或“我们来穿上你的红袜子”。这种持续的语言输入能帮助孩子将词汇与动作联系起来。
- 唱儿歌和童谣： 节奏和重复 有助于孩子掌握语言模式。配合手势动作，能为言语和语言发展增添趣味性和互动性。
- 玩角色扮演游戏： 角色扮演有助于孩子发展对话技巧、故事结构和词汇量。利用玩偶、动物玩具或家居用品来构建充满想象力的场景。
- 重复并扩展： 当孩子说出一个词或短语时，通过重复并增加细节来回应。例如，如果孩子说“车”，你可以说：“对！一辆又大又蓝的车开得真快！”
- 使用视觉辅助和手势： 将口头语言与视觉线索或手势相结合。指点、点头或使用简单的手势可以强化理解，并帮助弥补沟通中的障碍。
- 练习轮流说话和对话： 即使是年幼的幼儿也可以练习“一来一回”的对话。在提问或陈述后停顿一下，给孩子留出回应的时间。
这些促进言语和语言发展的日常活动，能对孩子长期的语言吸收和运用产生深远影响。尽量保持轻松愉快的氛围，孩子在放松和投入的状态下学习效果最好。
结语
了解言语和语言的发展规律，是支持孩子成长与建立自信的最佳方式之一。从识别成长里程碑到在家进行语言训练活动，你在孩子的成长旅程中扮演着至关重要的角色。
如果您对孩子的成长进度感到担忧，或需要专业指导，Hamaspik 随时为您提供帮助。我们充满爱心的专家团队将根据您孩子的具体需求，提供评估、资源及个性化的支持服务。 联系我们 了解我们如何为您提供支持。
